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  • Политический лидер-Хосни Мубарак

    Политический лидер-Хосни Мубарак

    HOSNY MUBARAK

    (birth 05.04.1928)

    For years of board Mubarak has recommended itself, if not as the big

    statesman, that, at least, as the sincere and reliable Arabian head. Can

    solve numerous problems of the country, he, nevertheless, uses the best

    efforts to prevent degradation.

    HOSNY MUBARAK- " MISTER HONESTY "

    Ten centimeters! Such distance separated vice-president Hosni

    Mubaraka from death October, 6-th, 1981 when during military parade was

    killed (more precisely to tell - Egyptian president Anvar Sadat is

    executed).

    He till now hears singing the bullets flying around of him. Remembers

    that instant when one of aggressors has shouted to him: " Stand aside! You

    are necessary for us not, the Pharaon is necessary for us! " Sees Sadat,

    laying in a pool of blood...

    In the evening of the same day, shocked, but safe, Mubarak

    officially has informed compatriots on death of the head of the state. In

    one week he became the president of Egypt. In that year to him it was

    executed 53 years and he, apparently, was rather pleased with the role of

    vice-president. But...

    April, 15, 1975 Sadat has appointed the 47-years commander of Air Forces

    Hosny Mubarak vice-president.

    - I have chosen him for loyalty and reliability, - he has explained the

    step some weeks after.

    Hardly later, speaking about Mubarak, the Egyptian president will

    note his such qualities, as persistence, fidelity and competence.

    Wife of Sadat - Djihan which by then had already sufficient influence

    on the husband, has agreed with this choice. She, on an own recognition,

    found Mubarak" deprived any ambitions to remain devoted to his spouse ".

    Itself Mubarak, as he said, was surprised and puzzled, when Sadat as

    caused him and has offered a post of vice-president. Him career political

    or the statesman as he secretly dreamed become the chief of the Joint Staff

    of the Egyptian army never interested.

    It is necessary to tell, that so unexpected choice has thrown into

    confusion also his nearest environment. However, soon the reasons of this

    step of steel are clear: the president wanted to get support of

    militarians. It was found out also, that a choice of the Egyptian leader

    has affected, as spoke in retinue Sadat, "unity of sights on rapproachement

    of Cairo with Washington "and an allergy" to Soviet Union which suffered

    both that, and another.

    Anyway, Mohammed Hosny Seid Mubarak (his full name is those) became

    the second person in Egypt, right hand of Sadat, his shadow. Before it he

    has made an outstanding career of the professional militarian.

    The Future president was born May, 4-th, 1928 in Egyptian country -

    in small village Kafr an ale - Musyl'ha (province Manufia), in delta of

    Nile. His father owned a small site of the ground and simultaneously worked

    in legal management of a province.

    Hosny it was brought up not in luxury. His friends and schoolmates were

    children of fellah. Probably, it the openness and simplicity of the

    president speak.

    He studied persistently, and after leaving school parents advised him

    to continue education at Cairo university at faculty of fine arts. However

    he has decided on other...

    War of 1948 with Israel has shown: the Arabian armies are disabled.

    In the Egyptian officer case inflow of youth began from average layers,

    including from a countryside. Hosny Mubarak has selected a trade of the

    pilot. Having finished with distinction in 1949 military college, he served

    on Sinai, then was the instructor of air academy. Repeatedly left in 50th

    years in the USSR where it was trained in flights on modern types of planes

    which Soviet Union delivered Egypt.

    In 1956 Mubarak took part in reflection English, French and Israel

    aggressions.

    Abilities of the young pilot were noticed, and in 1959 he was

    appointed the commander of a squadron of bombers TU - 16. In some years he

    became the commander of a brigade. The maximum military education has

    received in the USSR, in Academy of a name of Frunze in which studied in

    1964-1965 years.

    When in 1962 civil war began from Northern Yemen, Mubarak appeared in

    structure of the Egyptian contingent directed to this country. He took part

    in operations and has recommended himself the brave and skilful military

    pilot.

    By the way to tell, officers envying him, using this fact, began to

    spread rumours, that Mubarak, being in Moscow, has turned in

    "procommunist". A reality, however, another. He not bad speaks Russian,

    gives due to planes of the Soviet manufacture, but he in any way cannot be

    counted "procommunist". Faster on the contrary...

    The most difficult test for Egypt became 1967. Israel has put heavy

    defeat of the Egyptian army. Practically the aircraft completely was

    destroyed.

    At once after war Mubarak was appointed the chief of military college

    in Bilbeis. Of him have set the task: taking into account the danger which

    has hung above the country to increase release of pilots, having reduced

    term of their preparation with 4 till 2 years. It was necessary to break

    all system of training. Mubarak days did not leave college, personally

    watched observance of the daily routine and study of cadets.

    He Noticed by president Gamalem Abdel' Naserom, becomes the general of

    aircraft in 1969 and is appointed the chief of a staff of the Egyptian Air

    Forces. In 1972 he already - the commander military - air forces and

    simultaneously the deputy minister of defense.

    These posts have allowed him to reorganize the Egyptian aircraft

    which was not answering at that time modern requirements and to prepare it

    for war with Israel, begun October, 6, 1973. It is necessary to recognize,

    that then the Air Forces of Egypt have achieved impressing results.

    Mubarak becomes the national hero, receives from hands Sadat " Star

    of Sinai" - the highest Egyptian military award - and погоны the general of

    army. Military "ascention" he is a native of simple family - is obliged to

    epoch of Nasere. To political rise of him has pushed Sadat, having

    appointed vice-president and, thus, having opened him a way to the supreme

    authority.

    Since then this broad-shouldered, a dense constitution the general

    began to seize art of political "pilotage". Sadat has given him for this

    purpose the ample opportunities, having made him some kind of " departure

    ambassador ". He has assigned on Mubarak performance delicate, sometimes

    difficult assignments.

    Aspiration of Sadat to play the leading part on international scene,

    his often trips abroad gave Mubarak an opportunity to strengthen the

    positions inside the country. He began that has reorganized political

    police and confidential services which have penetrated into all chink the

    Egyptian society. He, certainly, did not manage to cure all illnesses of

    these departments, but as a result of the carried out cleaning he could get

    rid of the elements which have compromised.

    Becomingin 1978 vice-president national - democratic, created by

    Sadat in exchange him of the spoiled Arabian socialist union, Mubarak has

    got influential friends, that has strengthened his position even more.

    During six with superfluous years vice-president honesty put into

    practice a policy of the cartridge. In the top echelons of power about him

    responded yours faithfully, marked his intelligence, natural sharpness,

    hardness and frankness, serviceability.

    Simple Egyptians appreciated vice-president incorruptibility. He has

    managed to remain away from corruption with which his relatives, many high-

    ranking officials, which were infected Sadat, not hesitating, plundered the

    country. It is no surprising, that Egyptians till now name Mubarak " mister

    honesty ".

    Probably, he and would remain diligent vice-president, but the

    bullets which have struck Sadat, have advanced Mubarak further away - he

    became the president of Egypt.

    INDEPENDENT FLIGHT

    Mubarak has inherited from Sadat almost monarchic mode isolated in

    the Arabian world and wallowing in external duties. However in people and

    in the environment of secular opposition which many representatives

    appeared at Sadat behind a lattice, coming to power new president have met

    with the big hopes for changes.

    "The New leader have supported therefore, - known Egyptian

    journalist Hejkal, wrote in one of articles - that he was the most suitable

    person, capable to disseminate the fear reigned in Egypt and to heal the

    mental traumas put to the country. The person who would not began to make

    grandiose plans was necessary for Egyptians, but also would not finish the

    country before accident ".

    Quiet, modest, but resolute - Mubarak has provided transition of

    authority practically without a uniform false step. As has shown time, the

    former military pilot who has gone in the first independent flight as the

    head of the state, not only has not given in before getting from Sadat

    troubles, but with honour has left many followed tests, having strengthened

    the authority. Acknowledgement to that - participation of president

    Mubaraka in meeting of chapters of the Arabian states and the governments,

    taking place in Casablanca in May, 1989, and then his election on a post of

    the chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).

    But it will be later... While Mubarak, having borrowed a

    presidential armchair, has set free on all political prisoners and has

    shaken hands with them. Members of the organization finishing with Sadat,

    were prosecuted, and then executed or imprisoned. To tell the truth, many

    secret extremist Islamic groupings soon were revealed, one of which - "Al-

    Aksa" in May, 1982 has sentenced the president to a death penalty.

    However, due to the vigorous activity of confidential services,

    Mubarak has managed to separate the "moderate" elements of Islamic

    opposition rejecting violence as a method of internal political struggle,

    from " incorrigible extremists ". In result, for first twelve months of

    board he has released 4.000 Islamic active workers.

    Running forward, I shall tell, that Mubarak, knowing about the

    danger proceeding from Islamic extremists, avoids drastic measures in

    religious sphere. He understands, that the problem of radical Islamic

    fundamentalism still remains on the agenda. Though extremists also are

    tired out in a underground, they at any time can appear, how it already

    happened in October, 1981, when was killed (or is executed) Sadat.

    As to secular opposition, that, having come to authority, the

    president at once has declared readiness to start dialogue with its

    leaders. He has resolved activity of opposition parties, and even their

    representation in parliament. Besides he has agreed with renewal of the

    edition of newspapers of opposition.

    Aspiring to strengthen the position, and at the same time being

    compelled to be considered with supporters Sadata, kept key posts in the

    political and economic life, the new president started to carry out gradual

    "desadatation". Under his direct instruction were prosecuted the brother of

    the deceased -president Ismat Sadat and his sons supervising roguish

    operations. Process above them has allowed Mubarak to show the

    determination to liquidate corruption in the Egyptian society.

    The majority of those who watched activity Mubarak at the initial

    stage, unanimously marked, that he has declared himself as the figure of "

    new type ". When him have asked: " You are going to follow What political

    line - of Nasere or of Sadat? ", he has answered with a smile: " Own,

    certainly ".

    On the spot has specified, that his policy will be based on four

    principles: democratic pluralism, an openness, honesty and the decision of

    economic problems.

    No, president Mubarak did not call in question (anyway, public) the

    basic directions of a political rate of the predecessor. But tried to

    expand freedom of actions in the inherited frameworks, refusing

    simultaneously from sensational gestures in style of Sadat. Moreover, he

    did not try to disguise verbal demagogy problems facing to Egypt as it was

    done by the former leader. In opposite to Sadat Mubarak did not undertake

    ostentatious attempts to solve internal problems by reviewing the study.

    But in the first speeches he constantly called for growth of labour

    productivity, amplification of feeling of the responsibility, to social

    justice.

    As against Sadat new the head of the state abstained from promises,

    but invariable tried to give a new pulse to economic policy. He slowly but

    to develop began truly in Egypt democracy, trusting what exactly it will

    provide in long-term prospect political stability to a mode. It is more

    than that, he has frankly declared people, that the government can solve

    all problems facing to it.

    - New Egypt will be constructed only by work of Egyptians, - the

    president likes to repeat.

    Nevertheless, Mubarak in the intention to improve economy still

    recognizes that "infitah" - the policy of open doors begun by Sadat,

    basically was correct, but it was put into practice unsuccessfully and was

    discredited corruption, reigned in Egypt. Having received thanking Camp-

    Daving to agreements "special" attitudes from USA, president Mubarak tried

    to squeeze out from them a maximum possible. Both in political, and in the

    economic plan, skilfully playing on aspiration of Americans to be fixed on

    Near East.

    Using such trump card as threat of freezing, and even a severance of

    diplomatic relations with Israel, Mubarak has received to some extent to

    influence a middle East policy of USA. Certainly, a degree of this

    influence to overestimate does not cost, but it, undoubtedly, is.

    President Mubarak, certainly, appreciates communications of Egypt

    and USA as receives from them two, and even it is more, billions dollars

    annually as gratuitous gifts, loans and military credits. These injections

    of steel for him that "lifebuoy ring" which keeps on shallow the Egyptian

    economy.

    But also here there are strict limits on cooperation, is especial at

    a political level. So, for example, on the offer of USA to help with

    construction of military base on Red sea for the forces of fast expansion

    the Egyptian president has answered with resolute refusal.He has declared,

    that Egypt will construct its itself and will keep there the control.

    Americans can use it when Cairo will consider military intervention of

    Washington necessary.

    Never refusing "special" attitudes from USA, Mubarak at the same time

    has made appreciable efforts for restoration of normal diplomatic relations

    with Soviet Union which were completely normalized in 1984. Practically all

    obstacles, long time braking development of attitudes between our countries

    today are eliminated.

    It is not necessary to think, however, that " independent flight "

    passed president Mubaraka smoothly. The Israeli intrusion into Lebanon in

    June, 1982 has caused internal pressure on Mubarak with the purpose to

    change character of the egipetsko-Israeli attitudes. One more test for him

    steel of excitement of 17 thousand employees of forces of the internal

    safety, having a place in February, 1986. The army has quickly suppressed

    these excitements, and the president, due to resolute actions, has

    strengthened the positions even more.

    AEROBATICS

    In October, 1987 the National assembly of Egypt unanimously has

    selected Hosny Mubarak the president on the second six-year term. In

    November of the same year the League of Arabian countries (LAC) has made

    the decision that its members can restore if will wish, full diplomatic

    relations with Egypt. Nine countries, including Saudi Arabia, almost

    immediately have directed the ambassadors to Cairo.

    In December of the same year in Cairo the flag above representation

    of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was lifted. Thus Mubarak has

    shown, that Egypt again is ready to play a role of the "traffic controller"

    assisting negotiations PLO and USA, Jordan and Israel about convocation of

    peace conference on Near East.

    One of the key factors which have defined finally success of a

    strategic rate of diplomacy Mubarak on full returning of Egypt in the

    Arabian numbers, precisely thought over, consecutive behaviour of Cairo in

    its contacts to Tel Aviv was. From the moment of coming to power by the new

    president very successful form of the attitude of Egypt to Israel was

    produced: " Prospects of development of bilaterial communications are

    defined by the general situation on Near East, process of middle East

    settlement ".

    Such formulation (and Mubarak followed it strictly) enabled to hold

    Israel on respectful distance. On the other hand, the similar position

    obviously directed on protection common Arabian of interests, could not

    remain unnoticed in the Arabian capitals.

    Has not remained unnoticed and such fact: president Mubarak - the

    unique Egyptian head of a high rank whom has refused to visit Israel,

    despite of numerous official invitations. To tell the truth, when him

    already "have absolutely got", and he could not resist to pressing, he had

    to go at some o'clock per the small Israeli settlement located in desert

    Negev. " I have made it against my heart... " - he has admitted later.

    Besides the Egyptian president willingly offered the services for

    settlement of many bilateral conflicts, for example, irano-Iraq. All this

    has helped creation of completely new representation about Egypt, radical

    image distinguished from Sadat's representation. In many respects this was

    promoted also by the person of Mubarak.

    Sadat loved formal receptions, magnificent suppers, ceremonial. Mubarak

    does not love high life, hates everything, that, in his opinion, is an

    excess. Sadat adored to appear on public in motley military uniforms at

    numerous awards. Mubarak does not put on the form since the civil post has

    held.

    Sadat was completely corrupt, Mubarak - the incorruptible patriot.

    Sadat spent time in magnificent palaces. Mubarak lives in the small 2-

    storeyed country house constructed by him(it) on own means still(even) in

    1971.

    Sadat the born actor, the fan of light of a stage and long tiresome

    speeches. Mubarak has no eloquence, but he also is deprived propensities of

    the predecessor to eccentric to theatrical gestures, frankly dislikes

    chatterers.

    Intellectuals laugh at him, tell about him every possible histories.

    But not malicious, as about Sadat.

    Mubarak it is sincerely devoted to business of democracy, Sadat only

    dexterously juggled with this term. The new president in practice has

    proved, that his performances in protection of a personal freedom - not

    mere words. At him political life in the country began more democratic,

    than at Sadat.

    In Egypt many consider, that Mubarak, becoming the witness of attempt

    at the predecessor, has learnt from this the important lesson: it is better

    to move forward gradually and to risk only insignificant failures, than to

    try to supervise over the country in the dictatorial style of Sadat fraught

    with shocks. Probably, for this reason care, the pragmatism, moderation and

    a sequence became distinctive features of a political rate at the new

    president.

    Naming Mubarak "embodiment of care", already mentioned Heikal

    emphasizes, that it "care of the skilled pilot to which before he will lift

    the plane in top, the exact data on weather, loading and other data " are

    necessary.

    In opinion of one western diplomat, Mubarak, in essence, has remained

    " the rectilinear commander who gives orders and expects obedience ". But

    he not the dictator. He first of all the militarian who annoys if his

    orders are not carried out.

    Egyptians in the greater degree, than inhabitants of other countries,

    appreciate a shade of some greatness in the heads. Therefore many criticize

    Mubarak for his modest suits, the not refined speech and excessive shyness.

    They consider, that he has not enough scope of the present statesman.

    Anyway, but due to persistence and thin feeling of a step president

    Mubarak has managed to rally Egypt and to return to it former authority.

    Arabs could not understand unpredictable of Sadat and did not trust him.

    Mubarak with his consecutive and realistic foreign line to them it be clear

    and causes trust. With him want to deal.

    Having disseminated the extremely adverse impression made on

    Arabian world by Sadat, president Mubarak has managed to turn to itself

    arabs.

    Year of 1989 became rotary both for Egypt, and for Mubarak. The

    president started to play more and more appreciable role on middle East,

    African and even world stages.

    The National hero Egyptians come back of Casablanca Mubarak where

    there passed the interArabian meeting have met. At this summit the

    president of Egypt already in the first speech with resoluteness inherent

    in him has let know, that Cairo is going to provide to itself indisputable

    leadership in the Arabian world.

    Alongside with increase of the prestige abroad, the Egyptian

    president has strengthened the authority and inside the country.

    The Ministry of Educatuon of the Russian Federation

    The State University of Humanitarian Sciences

    The Department of Foreign Languages

    HOSNY MUBARAK – THE PRESIDENT OF EGYPT

    The student of the first year

    the Department of political studies

    Nikolaeva Ekaterina Alekseevna

    Moscow, 2002

    CONTENTS:

    Introduction.

    1. Hosny Mubarak – “Misner Honesty”.

    2. Independent fligyt.

    3. Aerobatics.

    Conclusion.

    Literature.

    INTRODUCTION

    In an extreme antiquity the territory of Egypt became a cradle of one

    of the first in a history of mankind of civilizations. It many times was

    exposed to invasions of foreign conquerors. In 1882 Egypt was occupied by

    England, in 1914 is posted by the English protectorate. Formal declaration

    Egypt as independent kingdom has taken place in 1922. Having imposed to

    Egypt in 1936 the unequal contract, England continued to occupy a zone of

    Suez canal. June, 18, 1953 Egypt is proclaimed by republic.

    After revolution of 1953 at life of the oustanding figure of the

    Arabian national-liberation movement of president Nasera in Egypt

    progressive social and economic transformations were carried out. The

    antiimperialistic foreign policy, a rate on friendship and widespread

    cooperation from the USSR and was consistently carried out by other

    socialist countries.

    From the beginning 1970 years внетренняя and the foreign policy of

    Egypt began to undergo essential changes. Its management led by Садатом

    began to pursue a policy of " liberalization of economy " and " open doors

    ", характеризовавшуюся wide encouragement of the private capital and

    foreign investments. Over a policy of the Egyptian management has prevailed

    proimperialistic a rate. In result the country experiences sharp

    sociopolitical and an economic crisis.

    In Egypt counteraction to an antinational reactionary rate of a mode

    amplified on the part of various political forces. Trying to suppress this

    counteraction, authorities resorted to more and more wide reprisals. It has

    resulted in an aggravation of conditions in the country. October, 6, 1981

    during military parade in Cairo the group of the military men belonging to

    the Muslim religious organization, accomplishes attempt on Sadat and he was

    killed.

    The New Egyptian management continues to carry out in basically a

    foreign policy leaning on close cooperation with USA. Inside the country it

    has cancelled some repressive measures. The significant number of political

    prisoners is released.

    The constitution Working in Egypt is accepted September, 11, 1971.

    The supreme body of legislature - National assembly.

    CONCLUSION

    Many recollect, that in the first years of board Mubarak has taken

    advantage in the interests of a condition of the general simplification

    which has come after destruction of Sadat, and the termination of the

    dramatized performances of the former president. Prudence new heads of the

    state was perceived faster as the certificate of wisdom, instead of as an

    attribute of shyness. He typed glasses, making special accent on modesty

    and focusing mass media on reduction of attention to his person and members

    of family. Among some other innovations he has sworn himself to limit the

    speeches till one hour.

    Today, as well as within service in the Air Forces, president Mubarak

    wakes up in five mornings and prepares for breakfast for family. From six

    up to eight studies reports and messages then leaves for the office.

    Till 15-00 - meetings with foreign delegations, meetings with members

    of the government and experts. Then two school hours sports in club of the

    Air Forces - gymnastics and "squash" (game reminding tennis). The tightened

    figure the president can give odds to young people.

    In the Evening - continuation of a working day.

    For years of board Mubarak has recommended itself, if not as the big

    statesman, that, at least, as the sincere and reliable Arabian head. Can

    solve numerous problems of the country, he, nevertheless, uses the best

    efforts to prevent decline.

    The tasks worth today before the president, hard for Egypt is

    located in region where the extremism represents the usual phenomenon, and

    the moderate approach - exception.

    Hosny Mubarak can make still very much. The only thing, that he

    should not make is to wait...

    LITERATURE

    1) The directory of “The Country of the world”, 1986.

    2) The big encyclopaedic dictionary, 1991.

    3) The concise Oxford dictionary of politics, 2001.


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